1. Best-first search

The other extreme is "completely-informed search", where at each node the best option is known. Actually in such a case no "search" is really needed, since the path from the initial state to the final state is known.

Both above cases can be handled well in computer science. AI is interested in the situation in the middle: the intermediate nodes do have information on how promising each option is, though the information is not always accurate and infallible.

A "heuristic function" is a function used to rank the alternatives in each step according to available information. Such a function is usually based on experience and intuition.

Heuristic search is similar to depth-first search and breadth-first search, except that its "open-node list" is a priority queue, in which the nodes are sorted by a heuristic function. Consequently in every step the algorithm explores the current-best direction, therefore it is also called "best-first search". The actual efficiency of such an algorithm is determined by the quality of the heuristic function.

Beside looking for a path to a goal state, search can also be used to solve optimization problems, where each state has an evaluation value attached, and the problem is to find the state with the highest value. In this situation, local (i.e., without memory) best-first search is also called "hill climbing". Such a procedure stops at local maxima.

2. A* Algorithm

A* algorithm is a typical heuristic search algorithm, in which the heuristic function is an estimated shortest distance from the initial state to the closest goal state, and it equals to traveled distance plus predicted distance ahead.

That is, f(n) = g(n) + h(n).

1. Create a search graph, G, consisting solely of the start node N1. Put N1 in a list called OPEN.
2. Create a list called CLOSED that is initially empty.
3. If OPEN is empty, exit with failure.
4. Select the first node on OPEN, remove it from OPEN, and put it on CLOSED. Call this node N.
5. If N is a goal node, exit successfully with the solution obtained by tracing a path along the pointers from N to N1 in G. (The pointers define a search tree and are established in step 7.)
6. Expand node N, generating the set, M, of its successors that are not already ancestors of N in G. Install these members of M as successors of N in G.
7. Establish a pointer to N from each of those members of M that were not already in G (i.e., not already on either OPEN or CLOSED). Add these members of M to OPEN. For each member, Mi, of M that was already on OPEN or CLOSED, redirect its pointer to N if the best path to Mi found so far is through N. For each member of M already on CLOSED, redirect the pointers of each of its descendants in G so that they point backward along the best paths found so far to these descendants.
8. Reorder the list OPEN in order of increasing f values. (Ties among minimal f values are resolved in favor of the deepest node in the search tree.)
9. Go to step 3.

3. Example: 8-puzzle

4. Heuristic search in Prolog

A* Algorithm in Prolog.

Solving 8-puzzle by heuristic search.